Perognathus goldmani_ Osgood and _Perognathus artus_ Osgood from southern Sonora, northern Sinaloa and adjoining parts of Chihuahua and Durango, are two named kinds of the _Perognathus intermedius_ group of pocket mice, of the subgenus _Chaetodipus_. Until now the two kinds have been treated in the literature as two species. In both _goldmani_ and _artus_ the […]

Centuries ago in southwestern Colorado the prehistoric Pueblo inhabitants of the Mesa Verde region expressed their interest in mammals by painting silhouettes of them on pottery and on the walls of kivas. Pottery occasionally was made in the stylized form of animals such as the mountain sheep. The silhouettes of sheep and deer persist as […]

his Open Content book covers AI programming techniques using Java. The latest version has a completed new chapter on statistical natural language processing and a new section on embedded expert systems, and a new chapter on spam detection.

This book is aimed at senior undergraduates and graduate students in Engineering, Science, Mathematics, and Computing. It expects familiarity with calculus, probability theory, and linear algebra as taught in a first- or second year undergraduate course on mathematics for scientists and engineers. Conventional courses on information theory cover not only the beautiful theoretical ideas of […]

This book is an introduction to inductive logic programming (ILP), a research field at the intersection of machine learning and logic programming, which aims at a formal framework as well as practical algorithms for inductively learning relational descriptions in the form of logic programs. The book extensively covers empirical inductive logic programming, one of the […]

Learning, like intelligence, covers such a broad range of processes that it is difficult to define precisely. A dictionary definition includes phrases such as “to gain knowledge, or understanding of, or skill in, by study, instruction, or experience,” and “modification of a behavioral tendency by experience.” Zoologists and psychologists study learning in animals and humans. […]

The aim of this book is to provide an up-to-date review of different approaches to classification, compare their performance on a wide range of challenging data-sets, and draw conclusions on their applicability to realistic industrial problems. Before describing the contents, we first need to define what we mean by classification, give some background to the […]

The goal of building systems that can adapt to their environments and learn from their experience has attracted researchers from many fields, including computer science, engineering, mathematics, physics, neuroscience, and cognitive science. Out of this research has come a wide variety of learning techniques that have the potential to transform many scientific and industrial fields. […]

The field of Statistics is constantly challenged by the problems that science and industry brings to its door. In the early days, these problems often came from agricultural and industrial experiments and were relatively small in scope. With the advent of computers and the information age, statistical problems have exploded both in size and complexity. […]

During the next few lectures we will be looking at the inference from training data problem as a random process modeled by the joint probability distribution over input (measurements) and output (say class labels) variables. In general, estimating the underlying distribution is a daunting and unwieldy task, but there are a number of constraints or […]